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The secrets of Diego     Bookmark and Share

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from The Walls have The Word by Melchor Peredo

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Being a student, I went at times to the Palacio Nacional to invite Diego Rivera to give a conference at the School "La Esmeralda", the voluminous artist himself moved-disturbed by the interruption, slightly in its scaffold, descending his protruding eyes towards me and skewered: Yes I will go, because that is a revolutionary school. "The Yuca" that more than his assistant he was from time to time his model, posed as the face of the black slave brought by the army of Hernon Cortez from Cuba. Diego was shading with smooth tones of vineyard black before applying color. Naturally, already on the wet plaster. According to Juan O'Gorman his great friend and communist comrade the master always worked this way, what gave him total liberty at the moment of the application of color. The curious thing if this resulted for him for the fresco; his easel paintings generally in oil were executed under the impressionist principle to exclude black in the shadows. What he did instead, then, was to shade with the Complementarie's. The amazing thing is that his frescoes, initially almost grisaille (monochrome) in color, in the end, black turns out to be almost imperceptible one. What is his secret?

The rich chromatism in Rivera's frescoes is due to an ingenious play of alternations among the shades with black and the exaltation of the natural colors of the figures by means of the juxtaposition of opposite shades and the systematic relation of contrast between the figure and the depth. It fittings to say that given that the painters communicated their experiences, before Orozco abandoned the fresco buono for the wet fresco he shaded and painted in similar manner to Rivera. Moreover, Siqueiros's frescoes from the National Preparatory School are shaded with black, and even in excess is noted. It's not so much a war among the impressionism against a pre-Venetian past. It's something more subtle.

The presence of black in the grisaille (monochrome) of Orozco and Rivera have an important symbolic value, that is to say, a precise expressionistic function; a certain breath of death that floats in life synchronized by colors. It is very important, and I repeat, this phenomenon because such breath of death comes from the pre-Hispanic art and of some way currently survives Mexico. The men of the Mexican Renaissance wanted to extract the roots of the fortified ancient art from the aesthetics quality of Manuel Toussaint escaped from the archaeological re-implantations from the Italian Renaissance of all the ancient gods, nymphs, lovers, Nikes, Venus, Hercules, Tantalus, sex fiends and others. In Mexico-Save some similar exhumations - was a matter of rescuing the style, the magnificent, epic of Olmec art, the tenderness of the Totonacan figurines, the geometric elegance of the Huastecs sculptures and above all, the terrible antithesis of the sublime. Why to the new Mexicans, Texcaltlipoca does not serve us, neither does the god Tajon, or the goddesses Ciuateteos. What is required is the rising of the Zapatista Indian - perhaps without their knowing it was the recovery of the identity of the Mexican, denied by colonial slavery and by the survival of a foreign-sounding feudalism until 1910. Thus the presence of black, tillan in Nahuatl was for these endeavored Renaissance Mexicans the rescue of the first one "color" of the Mexican palette. We will see later how others are rescued, until arriving at the palette of Rufino Tamayo. If someone doubts of the previous, observe some good reproductions-if unable to go to the walls of: "The Farewell of the Soldier", "The Banquet of the Rich" and all the others murals of Orozco in the National Preparatory School. Then we will see "The exit of the mine" and "The Hacienda" by Rivera, in the Office of the Secretary of Public Education. The respect to the grisaille (monochrome) is such that there is a true appearance of photography in black illuminated by hand. That charm is maintained in the subsequent mural work of Rivera. Finally, it is not about of an exclusively a voluntary esthetic, but of certain conditions that agree to the technique of the fresco. Concretely, is not possible to apply a clear color over a dark one, because when dried it appears ashen. Thus, black tends to navigate alone. Another exception that is observed in Rivera is that when he wants to emphasize an intense color he places black over the chromatic spot, generally delineating. Shortly after the death of Diego, I found in the study of its assistant and disciple Guillermo Monroy, a sketch in a sheet of paper set to the wall. It was the indication of the teacher on how to paint following the order of the colors of the iris. Another of his and Frida's students, Arturo Estrada, has coded his success in the management of this palette. As we see in the Riverian palette for the easel painting - although it may not seem so - the presence of black of the frescoes, is eliminated to a degree post-impressionist of unusual results. It is not the same thing to paint mural than it is to paint on easel.


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written by Melchor Peredo- one of Mexico's foremost traditional muralists.




Translated by Rio Diaz


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Los Muros tienen la Palabra
Melchor Peredo
Los secretos de Diego

Siendo estudiante, fui cierta vez al Palacio Nacional para invitar a Diego Rivera a impartir una conferencia en la Escuela de La Esmeralda, el voluminoso artista se movio-incomodado por la interrupcion-, ligeramente en su andamio, descendie sus saltones ojos hasta mi persona y espet: Sir, porque esa es una escuela revolucionaria .El Yuca que mos que su ayudante era en ocasiones su modelo, le posaba para el rostro del esclavo negro traedo por las huestes de Hernen Cortes desde Cuba. Diego estaba sombreando con suaves tonos de negro de viea antes de meter color. Naturalmente, ya sobre el intonaco fresco. Segen Juan O'Gorman su gran amigo camarada comunista y maestro siempre trabajaba ase, lo que le daba una total libertad en el momento de meter el color. Lo curioso es que si esto le resultaba para el fresco, sus pinturas de caballete-generalmente al temple de eleo-las ejecutaba bajo el principio impresionista de excluir el negro en las sombras. Lo que hacea, entonces, era sombrear con los complementarios. Lo asombroso es que sus frescos, si son casi grisallas coloreadas en las primeras obras, en las eltimas, resulta casi imperceptible el negro. Cuel es el secreto?
El rico cromatismo de la pintura al fresco de Rivera se debe a un ingenioso juego de alternancias entre el sombreado con negro y la exaltacien de los colores naturales de las figuras mediante la yuxtaposicien de matices opuestos y la sistemetiuca relacien de contraste entre la figura y el fondo. Cabe decir que -dado que los pintores se comunicaban sus experiencias- se advierte que antes de que Orozco abandonara el buon fresco por el fresco seco ,sombreaba, y coloreaba de manera similar a la de Rivera. Inclusive los frescos de Siqueiros de la Escuela Nacional Preparatoria esten sombreados con negro ,y hasta se nota un exceso.
No se trata tanto de una guerra entre el impresionismo contra un pasado pre-veneciano. Es algo mes sutil. La presencia del negro en esa grisalla de Orozco y Rivera tiene un valor simbelico importantesimo, es decir, una funcien expresionista precisa; es un cierto helito de muerte que flota en toda la vidae sincretizado por los colores. Es importantesimo, repito, este fenemeno porque tal helito de muerte viene del arte prehispenico y de alguna manera pervive en la actualidad mexicana.
Los hombres del Renacimiento Mexicano querean extraer las raeces del arte antiguo fortalecidos por estetas de la calidad de Manuel Toussaint escaparon de las arqueolegicas reimplantaciones que hiciera el Renacimiento Italiano de todos los dioses antiguos, ninfas, amorcillos, nikes, Venus, Hercules, Tantalos, setiros y demes. En Mexico-salvo algunas exhumaciones similares- se trate de rescatar el estilo, lo grandioso, epico del arte olmeca, la ternura de las figurillas totonacas, la geometral elegancia de las esculturas huastecas y sobre todo, lo terrible como antetesis de lo sublime. , porque ,aunque a los nuevos mexicanos, no nos sirve de nada Texcaltlipoca, ni el dios Tajen, ni las diosas Ciuateteos. lo que exigea el levantamiento de los indios zapatistas- acaso sin saberlo ellos-era la recuperacion de la identidad del mexicano ,negada por la esclavizacien colonial y por la supervivencia de un feudalismo extranjerizante hasta 1910.
eLa presencia ase del negro, tillan en nahuatl , fue para estos esforzados renacentistas mexicanos el rescate del primer 'color' de la paleta mexicana. Veremos despues cemo son rescatados otros, hasta llegar a la paleta de Rufino Tamayo.
eNo podemos dejar esta nota sin observar que si lo literario en la pintura reside en el dibujo quedando lo sensorio para el color la conjuncion entre forma y contenido que tanto preocupe a Rivera, puede traslucirse entre ese juego del dibujo sombreado con el mecanismo crometico descrito.
Si alguien duda de lo anterior, observe algunas buenas reproducciones-si no puede ir hacia los muros-de: La despedida del soldado, El banquete de los ricos y todos los demes murales de Orozco en la Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. Luego veamos La salida de la minae y 'La Hacienda' de Rivera, en la Secretarea de Educacien Peblica. El respeto por la grisalla es tal, que hay una verdadera apariencia de fotografea en negro iluminada a mano. Ese encanto se mantiene en la obra posteriore obra mural de Rivera. No se trata, finalmente, de una voluntad exclusivamente estetica, sino de ciertos condicionamientos que convienen a la tecnicae del fresco. Concretamente, no es posible aplicar un color claro sobre uno obscuro pues al secar aparece ceniciento. Es por ello que el negro tiende a navegar solo. Otra excepcien que se observa en Rivera es que cuando quiere destacar un colorido intenso coloca el negro encima de la mancha crometica., generalmente delineando.
Poco despues de la muerte de Diego, encontre en el estudio de su ayudante y discepulo Guillermo Monroy, un croquis en una hoja de papel fijada a la pared. Era la indicacien del maestro sobre cemo pintar siguiendo el orden de los colores del iris. Otro de sus alumnos y de Frida , Arturo Estrada, ha cifrado su exito en el manejo de esta paleta. Como vemos en la paleta riverianae para la pintura de caballete- aunque no lo parezca-la presencia del negro de los frescos , se elimina a un grado postimpresionista de resultados inusitados. No es lo mismo pintar murales que hacer obras de caballete.

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This page contains a single entry by fresco published on July 29, 2007 2:37 AM.

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